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黨(dang)的二十大報告(gao)明確提(ti)出，立(li)足(zu)我(wo)國(guo)能源(yuan)資源(yuan)稟賦，堅持先立(li)后破，有計劃分步驟實施(shi)行動。進(jin)一(yi)步完善市場化的電(dian)力價(jia)格體系建(jian)設，建(jian)立(li)煤(mei)電(dian)機制，是(shi)解決我(wo)國(guo)能源(yuan)結構轉型(xing)過程中電(dian)力供應保障挑(tiao)戰、構建(jian)新型(xing)電(dian)力系統、服(fu)務碳(tan)達峰(feng)碳(tan)中和目標的(de)重要(yao)途徑。近(jin)日，國(guo)家發展(zhan)改革委印發《關于建(jian)立機制(zhi)的通知》（發(fa)改價格〔2023〕1501號，以(yi)下(xia)簡稱(cheng)《通知》），全面建立(li)煤電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)價機制(zhi)，對推進煤電(dian)行業高質(zhi)量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)、保障電(dian)力安(an)全穩定供應具有特別的現實意義和長(chang)期價值。

（來源：能(neng)源新媒 作者：松楠）

一、適逢其(qi)時，助力電力供應安全穩定

隨著新能(neng)源(yuan)占(zhan)比的(de)(de)逐步提(ti)升，煤電(dian)機(ji)組負荷率持(chi)續下降、調(diao)峰(feng)幅度(du)逐年加(jia)大(da)，電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統安全保供問題(ti)逐漸凸顯。一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)新能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)具有間歇性和波動性，疊加(jia)各地煤電(dian)增速持(chi)續放緩，影響電(dian)力(li)(li)供應(ying)的(de)(de)可靠性；另一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，全社會用(yong)電(dian)需求仍在以較(jiao)快速度(du)增長，尤其(qi)是季節性、極端天氣時的(de)(de)負荷高峰(feng)，對電(dian)力(li)(li)供應(ying)的(de)(de)可靠性提(ti)出了更高要(yao)求。而在面(mian)向雙碳(tan)目標的(de)(de)各種技術路線中，煤電(dian)作為(wei)煤炭清潔高效利用(yong)的(de)(de)主要(yao)形式，未來(lai)較(jiao)長一段時期內，在保障電(dian)力(li)(li)可靠性供應(ying)、系(xi)統調(diao)峰(feng)、低成本(ben)供電(dian)供熱等方(fang)(fang)面(mian)發(fa)揮著難以替代的(de)(de)基礎性作用(yong)。

《通知》準確(que)研判煤(mei)電(dian)新定(ding)位(wei)和轉(zhuan)型發展(zhan)方向，以容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)體(ti)現(xian)煤(mei)電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)支撐調節價(jia)值、補(bu)償煤(mei)電(dian)機(ji)組固定(ding)成(cheng)本(ben)，切實(shi)給(gei)予煤(mei)電(dian)和系統價(jia)值相匹配的電(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制，極(ji)大(da)地穩(wen)定(ding)煤(mei)電(dian)未來發展(zhan)預期，科學引(yin)導(dao)煤(mei)電(dian)機(ji)組的投資改造，提升系統容(rong)量(liang)支撐和靈活調節能力，助力電(dian)力供(gong)應安全穩(wen)定(ding)。

二、整(zheng)體設計(ji)，支撐(cheng)新(xin)型電(dian)力系統建設

有效運轉(zhuan)、機(ji)制合(he)理的電(dian)力市場體(ti)系是釋放電(dian)力系統靈活性、降低(di)新(xin)(xin)能源消(xiao)納成本的最優(you)路(lu)徑之一，是支(zhi)撐新(xin)(xin)型(xing)電(dian)力系統建設的重要平臺。

《通知(zhi)》在(zai)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制上首(shou)次將電(dian)能(neng)量(liang)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)和容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)進行區分，推動電(dian)力現(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)靈敏反(fan)映市(shi)場(chang)(chang)供(gong)需和企業成本變(bian)化(hua)，優(you)化(hua)短(duan)(duan)期(qi)資源(yuan)配置，發現(xian)真實(shi)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)；中長期(qi)合同規避價(jia)(jia)格(ge)波(bo)動風險，穩定市(shi)場(chang)(chang)預(yu)期(qi)；容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)發現(xian)和補償電(dian)力容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)，讓電(dian)能(neng)量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的功能(neng)聚焦(jiao)在(zai)短(duan)(duan)期(qi)資源(yuan)優(you)化(hua)配置上，容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)專注解決長期(qi)有(you)效(xiao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)充裕度問題，實(shi)現(xian)在(zai)1439號文件基礎上進一步理順燃煤發電(dian)上網電(dian)價(jia)(jia)形成機(ji)制，使煤電(dian)、新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)、儲能(neng)和需求(qiu)側資源(yuan)等各(ge)類調(diao)節方式各(ge)展(zhan)所長、各(ge)盡所能(neng)，找(zhao)到與之匹配的應用場(chang)(chang)景和價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)定位，實(shi)現(xian)電(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)(chang)供(gong)需兩端在(zai)短(duan)(duan)期(qi)和長期(qi)的動態平衡，高(gao)效(xiao)支(zhi)持(chi)我國新(xin)型電(dian)力系統(tong)建設。

三、分類施策，把握煤電功能轉型(xing)節(jie)奏

雙碳目標(biao)的(de)實現要結合(he)不同(tong)階段、不同(tong)地區的(de)發展特點(dian)，要考慮到我(wo)國不同(tong)區域的(de)資源稟賦、經濟(ji)發展水平和(he)(he)電源結構(gou)存在的(de)較大(da)差異，因(yin)此煤(mei)電的(de)定位(wei)和(he)(he)轉型路徑也不盡相同(tong)。我(wo)國煤(mei)電機組體(ti)量大(da)，改(gai)造(zao)和(he)(he)轉型任務艱巨(ju)，需(xu)要統(tong)籌考慮各地煤(mei)電在轉型過程(cheng)中的(de)成本(ben)擱(ge)淺問題。

《通(tong)(tong)知》準(zhun)確把握各地煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組功能(neng)定(ding)(ding)位轉型(xing)節奏，因地制(zhi)(zhi)宜(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。一(yi)方面，對于煤(mei)(mei)機(ji)功能(neng)轉型(xing)較快、年利用小(xiao)時(shi)數較低的(de)省份，當(dang)地煤(mei)(mei)機(ji)可以通(tong)(tong)過容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回(hui)收50%的(de)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)成(cheng)本；而(er)對于煤(mei)(mei)機(ji)功能(neng)定(ding)(ding)位轉型(xing)相對較緩的(de)省份，當(dang)地煤(mei)(mei)機(ji)可以通(tong)(tong)過容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回(hui)收30%的(de)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)成(cheng)本，剩余固(gu)定(ding)(ding)成(cheng)本可通(tong)(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)市場(chang)回(hui)收；另一(yi)方面，針對現貨(huo)市場(chang)已經連續運行的(de)地區，允許(xu)其適(shi)時(shi)建(jian)立適(shi)應當(dang)地情況的(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)側容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，在制(zhi)(zhi)度層面為探索建(jian)立涵(han)蓋全(quan)部類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)做好準(zhun)備。

四、創新舉(ju)措(cuo)，保障容量(liang)電價落(luo)地落(luo)實

在(zai)總結各地(di)情況和經驗的(de)基礎上(shang)，《通知》堅持問題導向(xiang)，針對政(zheng)策執行(xing)過程中可能遇到的(de)難(nan)點、堵點，創新提出了統一(yi)規范的(de)工(gong)作措施，為穩妥有序推動容量電價政(zheng)策落地(di)落實打好基礎。

一是明確了煤(mei)電可補償(chang)容量。將(jiang)煤(mei)機可獲得的容量電費與自身申報(bao)的最(zui)大(da)出(chu)力關(guan)聯(lian)，申報(bao)容量越(yue)大(da)，獲得的容量電費越(yue)高，有效解(jie)決(jue)供熱機組和純凝(ning)機組在(zai)不同地(di)區和季節的功(gong)能定(ding)位(wei)問(wen)題，在(zai)保障(zhang)民生供熱和系統調節能力的基礎(chu)上，最(zui)大(da)限(xian)度地(di)激勵煤(mei)電機組提升頂峰能力。

二是設計了(le)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費分(fen)攤(tan)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)。將容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費納入(ru)系(xi)統運(yun)行費，由工商業用戶分(fen)攤(tan)，以此體現因(yin)保障系(xi)統安全穩定(ding)運(yun)行帶來的(de)(de)調節成本。并進一步理清送(song)(song)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)(sheng)關(guan)于(yu)外送(song)(song)煤機的(de)(de)經濟責(ze)任(ren)，科學設計外送(song)(song)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費分(fen)攤(tan)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，對于(yu)配套煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費，由受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)(sheng)份(fen)按分(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)比例(li)(li)或送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)比例(li)(li)分(fen)攤(tan)；對于(yu)其(qi)他外送(song)(song)機組(zu)，執行送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)(sheng)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價標準，并綜(zong)合考慮(lv)外送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)占比或保受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)(sheng)份(fen)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)等因(yin)素確定(ding)送(song)(song)受(shou)雙方(fang)(fang)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費分(fen)攤(tan)比例(li)(li)。

三(san)是健全了容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)價激(ji)勵(li)約束機制(zhi)。對于無法按(an)照調度指(zhi)令提(ti)供申報最大出力的燃煤機組，按(an)照次數扣(kou)(kou)減當(dang)月(yue)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)費(fei)，全月(yue)累計四次后扣(kou)(kou)減當(dang)月(yue)全部容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)費(fei)，引導煤機優化自身性能、提(ti)升(sheng)設備可靠性，全面(mian)形成(cheng)激(ji)勵(li)相容(rong)(rong)的容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)價考(kao)核機制(zhi)，切(qie)實保障系統(tong)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)充裕(yu)度。

《通(tong)知》的(de)(de)出臺，既是解決當前我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)安全可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)供應和(he)(he)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)(ke)持續發(fa)(fa)展這一(yi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)、行業性(xing)突出問題(ti)的(de)(de)重要舉措，更(geng)是事(shi)關我(wo)國(guo)推(tui)進新(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)建設(she)，實現碳(tan)達峰碳(tan)中(zhong)和(he)(he)這一(yi)長遠發(fa)(fa)展目標的(de)(de)戰(zhan)略安排。尤其是在我(wo)國(guo)能源結(jie)構綠色(se)低(di)碳(tan)轉型(xing)的(de)(de)大背景下，能夠(gou)激勵煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)靈(ling)活性(xing)改造積極性(xing)，加快推(tui)動煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)從主力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源向調節性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)轉型(xing)，幫助(zhu)其真正成(cheng)為新(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)“壓艙(cang)石、穩(wen)定(ding)器”，形成(cheng)以技術(shu)創(chuang)新(xin)和(he)(he)政策機制創(chuang)新(xin)共同(tong)支撐(cheng)，加快構建成(cheng)本可(ke)(ke)接受、資源充(chong)沛(pei)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)價格體系(xi)，為實現碳(tan)達峰碳(tan)中(zhong)和(he)(he)目標提供有(you)力(li)支撐(cheng)。